Factors Considered When Ordering Permanent Spousal Support in California

Domestic violence (DV) is a pattern of abusive behavior that one person uses to gain or maintain power and control over another in a close relationship. Abuse can take many forms: physical, emotional, verbal, financial, or psychological, and often escalates over time. While anyone can experience domestic violence, women are most commonly affected, and it can impact people of any age, gender, or background. The impact of domestic violence extends beyond the individuals involved. It can affect children, families, and entire communities. Recognizing the early warning signs is often the first step toward protecting yourself or someone you care about. Causes of Domestic Violence Domestic violence doesn't have a single cause. It often stems from a complex combination of individual, relational, and societal factors. Domestic violence is about one person exerting power and control over another. This dynamic can develop through a variety of influences that increase the risk of abusive behavior. While understanding the root causes can help identify risk factors, it's important to be clear: none of these causes excuse or justify abuse. Here are some of the common contributors: Power and Control Most domestic violence begins when one partner seeks to dominate the other. Learned Behavior Some people grow up in households where violence is normalized. Cultural and Societal Norms Cultural attitudes that promote male dominance, discourage emotional expression, or minimize women's rights can create environments where abuse is overlooked or accepted. Mental Health Issues While mental illness does not cause abuse, certain untreated mental health conditions, such as extreme anger issues or personality disorders can increase the risk of harmful behavior. Substance Abuse Alcohol or drug use can lower inhibitions and increase aggression, leading to a higher risk of violence in the home. Understanding the Cycle of Domestic Violence Domestic violence often follows a repeating cycle that can make it difficult for victims to leave. This cycle isn't always obvious at first, but over time, it becomes more predictable and emotionally exhausting. Here are the four common stages of the domestic violence cycle: 1. Tension Building During this stage, stress and strain begin to grow in the relationship. The abuser may become moody, irritable, or critical. Victims often feel like they're walking on eggshells, trying to keep the peace and avoid triggering conflict. 2. Incident of Abuse This is the stage where the abuse occurs. It can be physical, emotional, verbal, sexual, or financial. The abuser uses intimidation, threats, or violence to exert control. 3. Reconciliation (The “Honeymoon Phase”) After the abuse, the abuser may apologize, show affection, or promise to change. They might blame stress, alcohol, or the victim for what happened. This phase can be confusing and emotionally manipulative, offering a temporary sense of hope or love. 4. Calm (False Sense of Normalcy) Things may return to “normal” for a while. There's no immediate tension, and the relationship may seem stable. However, the underlying issues remain unresolved, and the cycle eventually begins again. Many victims stay in abusive relationships because of this cycle. The calm and reconciliation stages can create false hope, especially when love, fear, financial dependence, or children are involved. Over time, the cycle can become more intense and dangerous. 5 Warning Signs of Domestic Violence in a Home Abuse isn't always easy to recognize. It doesn't always leave bruises, and it doesn't happen all at once. In many cases, it starts subtly with behaviors that may even seem protective or caring at first, and gradually becomes more controlling or harmful over time. Here are five common warning signs to watch for in a home: 1. Controlling behavior and isolation Controlling behavior is often one of the first signs of abuse. It may include: Monitor phone calls, messages, or social media Decide where their partner can go and who they can see Demand constant updates on their partner's whereabouts Discourage or prevent time with friends and family Over time, these actions isolate the victim, making it harder to maintain support systems or ask for help. 2. Physical harm or threats of violence Abusers may use physical violence or threats to gain control. They often: Push, hit, slap, or restrain during arguments Break or throw objects to intimidate Threaten to harm the victim, their children, or their pets Use aggressive body language or block exits Even when no physical contact occurs, threats create fear and often precede further abuse. 3. Emotional abuse and manipulation Emotional abuse damages a person's self-worth and mental well-being. Abusers frequently: Gaslight their partner by denying the truth or twisting facts Use insults, name-calling, or public humiliation Shift blame to the victim to avoid accountability Dismiss their partner's thoughts and feelings These tactics cause confusion and emotional exhaustion, making it harder for victims to trust themselves. 4. Financial control or dependence Abusers may use money as a tool to trap their partner in the relationship. They might: Restrict access to bank accounts or financial records Prevent their partner from working or sabotage their job Control all spending decisions without input Give an allowance or require permission for purchases Financial abuse creates dependence, leaving victims feeling unable to leave or support themselves. 5. Threats related to children or immigration status Abusers may use your role as a parent or your immigration status as tools of control. Common threats include: “I'll take the kids away from you.” “You'll never see them again.” “I'll call immigration if you try to leave.” These threats are meant to instill fear and keep you from seeking help, especially if you believe legal systems won't protect you. Safety Planning and Resolving Domestic Violence at Home If you're experiencing domestic violence, your safety is the priority. While every situation is different, taking careful and informed steps can help protect you and your loved ones. Start with a Safety Plan Identify a safe place to go in an emergency (a friend's home, shelter, or public place). Pack a “go bag” with essentials: ID, cash, keys, medications, and important documents. Share your plan with someone you trust, and keep emergency contacts written down. Use a separate phone or device to research or privately reach out for help. Avoid Confrontation When Planning to Leave Don't alert the abuser about your plan. Leaving can be the most dangerous time in an abusive relationship. Try to leave when they are not present, and have transportation ready if possible. Know Your Options In some early-stage or less severe situations, counseling or professional intervention might help, provided it's safe and consensual. Most cases, especially when there is ongoing abuse, require outside support and legal protection. Reach Out for Help Contact a domestic violence hotline or shelter for confidential guidance. Talk to a family law attorney about protective orders, custody options, or emergency support. Know Your Legal Rights and When It's Time to Get Help California law provides several legal protections for those experiencing domestic violence. You have the right to feel safe in your home and protect your children from harm. Here are a few key legal protections available: Domestic Violence Restraining Orders (DVRO): A court order that legally prevents an abuser from contacting, approaching, or harming you. Emergency Custody Orders: Temporary orders to protect children from an abusive parent while longer-term custody decisions are made. Supervised Visitation: The court may require that a parent's time with a child be supervised to ensure the child's safety. Divorce or Custody Modifications: If violence is involved, the court may adjust custody or support arrangements to protect the victim and children. Under the domestic violence act , California courts take abuse seriously and offer tools to help victims protect themselves and their families. You don't have to go through this alone; legal support is available. Domestic Violence Resources in California Below is a list of trusted resources for immediate help, shelter, legal support, and counseling: Hotlines National Domestic Violence Hotline: 1-800-799-SAFE (7233) – 24/7, confidential California Partnership to End Domestic Violence: 1-800-524-4765 Local Shelters & Support Services (SoCal) Laura's House (Orange County) Human Options (Orange County) Interval House (Southern California) Legal Aid & Advocacy Legal Aid Foundation of Los Angeles (LAFLA) Domestic Violence Legal Services Project (California) These resources are free or low-cost, confidential, and accessible in multiple languages. Frequently Asked Questions About Domestic Abuse 1. What is the definition of domestic abuse? Domestic abuse is a pattern of behavior used by one person to gain or maintain power and control over another in a close or intimate relationship. It can include physical violence, emotional manipulation, verbal threats, financial control, or sexual coercion. 2. What is classified as domestic violence? Domestic violence includes any abusive act between people in a close relationship, such as spouses, partners, parents, or co-parents that involves harm or the threat of harm. It's classified as domestic violence when the abuse involves: Physical injury or threats Emotional or psychological harm Sexual abuse or coercion Financial control or deprivation In California, the legal system recognizes domestic violence as both a civil and criminal matter, with protections under the Domestic Violence Prevention Act. 3. What are the four main types of domestic abuse? The four main types of domestic abuse are: Physical Abuse: Hitting, slapping, pushing, or any form of physical harm or intimidation. Emotional or Psychological Abuse: Gaslighting, insults, threats, manipulation, or controlling behavior that affects mental health. Sexual Abuse: Any non-consensual sexual contact or coercion, even within a relationship. Financial Abuse: Controlling access to money, restricting the ability to work, or using finances to manipulate or trap the victim. Many abusive relationships involve more than one type of abuse, often overlapping to maintain control over the victim. When to Talk to a Lawyer If any of the signs in this guide sound familiar, it may be time to seek legal protection. You don't have to wait until the situation worsens; early action can help protect your safety and your children's well-being. Harris & Mckeown Law Firm can: File a restraining order to help keep your abuser away Help you obtain emergency custody or modify existing orders Guide you through the divorce or separation process with your safety in mind Our firm offers confidential consultations and has extensive experience helping clients in difficult and sensitive domestic violence cases. Reach out today because your safety matters.

Threshold Question: Is the goodwill of attributable to a business opened during the marriage a quantifiable and divisible marital asset upon divorce? What is Goodwill? On the broadest level, “goodwill” is the expectation of continued public patronage. See Business and Professions Code § 14100. One court has described goodwill as “the advantage or benefit which is acquired by an establishment beyond the mere value of the capital stock, funds or property therein, in the consequences of public patronage and encouragement it receives from constant or habitual customers, on account of its local position, or common celebrity, or reputation for skill or affluence, or punctuality, or from other accidental circumstances, or necessity, or even from ancient partialities or prejudices.” See Marriage of Lyons (1938) 27 Cal. App. 2d 293, 297-298. Is Goodwill an Asset Which Can be Valued and Divided in a California Divorce? Yes. Incident to the valuation of a business, the court must determine whether goodwill exists. If goodwill exists, the goodwill must be assigned a value and factored into community property division. See Marriage of Greaux & Mermin (2014) 223 Cal. App. 4th 1242, 1251; see also Marriage of Watts (1985) 171 Cal. App. 3d 366, 370-372. How is Goodwill Valued in a Divorce? There is no “rigid and unvarying rules for the determination of the value of goodwill, but have indicated that each case must be determined on its own facts and circumstances.” See Marriage of Foster (1974) 42 Cal. App. 3d 577. While there is no bright line rule for valuing goodwill in a California divorce, courts generally utilize one of two approaches: Market Value Approach: Analysis of what a willing buyer would pay in cash for the community business if it were sold at the time of separation or divorce. Capitalization of Excess Earnings: Analysis of the net income of a professional practice for one year, subtracting of a reasonable salary for a person of comparable experience, and multiply by a number which is usually determined by an expert forensic accountant. In any event, goodwill cannot be valued by any method which takes into account post-marital efforts of either spouse. Where Do You Go From Here? If you are a business owner, or you are the spouse of a business owner, the issue of goodwill either exposes you to liability or gives you negotiating power in division of your estate upon divorce in California. Call one of our Southern California family law attorneys today to set up a consultation and talk about your rights and responsibilities. **DISCLAIMER** THIS INFORMATION IS PROVIDED FOR INFORMATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY. EVERY CASE IS DIFFERENT AND THIS GUIDE SHOULD NOT BE CONSTRUED AS LEGAL ADVICE. THIS ARTICLE DOES NOT CREATE AN ATTORNEY CLIENT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE READER AND ITS AUTHOR. IF YOU HAVE LEGAL QUESTIONS, CONSULT WITH A FAMILY LAW ATTORNEY.

For many people facing divorce in California, alimony is a major concern as it directly affects post-divorce financial stability. Alimony, also called spousal support , is defined as an amount paid from one spouse to the other governed by a court order to help maintain a reasonable standard of living even after separation. This guide is not just about who pays and how much. It explains who may qualify for alimony, how the courts calculate it, when and why it ends, and what happens when someone tries to avoid paying. It also covers key timelines, exceptions, eligibility factors, and enforcement. Understanding Who Qualifies for Alimony in California Courts Not every spouse is automatically entitled to alimony in a California divorce. Courts look at several factors to determine if alimony should be awarded, and if so, for how long and how much. These are the key factors courts consider: Income Differences A significant difference in income is one of the most common reasons for awarding support. If one spouse earns substantially more, alimony can help the other maintain a standard of living that is reasonably established while the marriage is in effect. Length of the Marriage A marriage lasting less than 10 years is considered short-term, and support is usually limited in duration. However, even in marriages as short as two years, temporary support may be awarded during the divorce process if one spouse needs help covering basic living expenses. For longer marriages (10 years or more), support can be ordered for a longer or open-ended period, depending on the overall situation. Contributions to the Marriage Courts also consider non-financial contributions, such as staying home to raise children or supporting the other spouse’s education or career. A non-working spouse may be entitled to support if their role in the marriage affected their ability to build an independent income. Ability to Attain Self-Supporting Status Alimony can be set for a period that allows financial stability even after the the supported spouse has remarried. If someone is capable of earning income but chooses not to work, support can be calculated as if they were earning a reasonable amount based on their skills, experience, and job opportunities. What Can Disqualify a Spouse from Receiving Support A spouse is unlikely to receive support if: Both parties earn similar incomes The requesting spouse has the ability and opportunity to support themselves but refuses to work The marriage was very short, and there’s no significant financial dependency What a Spouse May Receive, And How Long Support Might Last In California, alimony is not determined by gender. It is typically awarded when there is a significant difference in income and one spouse cannot meet basic living expenses after separation. The duration can vary widely, from a set period in some cases to an open-ended arrangement that remains subject to review and adjustment based on future circumstances. Age and Ability to Earn a Living There is no age limit for when alimony stops. Instead, the court looks at whether the supported spouse can realistically return to work. A younger, healthy spouse is often expected to seek employment and work toward financial independence. An older spouse who has been out of the workforce for a long time may receive longer-term support if re-entering the job market is not practical. When Support Ends Alimony generally ends when: The court’s set duration expires The supported spouse remarries Either party dies The supported spouse becomes financially independent A court finds that continued support is no longer justified Support can also be modified or terminated if circumstances change significantly. The Impact of Marriage Duration on Alimony Rights How long a couple has been married can influence both the potential duration of alimony and the way support is reviewed in the future. It can also shape how people misunderstand the rules about dividing property. The 10-Year Rule for Alimony Under California law, a marriage lasting 10 years or more is considered a “long-term” marriage (Family Code §4336). For these, there is often no predetermined end date for support when the divorce is finalized. Instead, the order remains open for future review, and adjustments can be made if there is a significant change in circumstances such as financial self-sufficiency, remarriage, or retirement. This does not guarantee permanent support , but it gives the court ongoing authority to review and modify support, rather than setting an automatic termination date upfront. In shorter marriages (under 10 years), support is generally set for a more limited time frame unless there is a strong reason to extend it. Property Division vs. Alimony Many people confuse the 10-year rule with how property is divided. In California, community property is split 50/50, regardless of how long the couple was married. There is no time-based threshold to qualify for half of everything. If property or assets were acquired during the marriage, they are divided equally in divorce, even if the marriage lasted only a few months. In short, property division is always based on when the assets were acquired, while alimony duration is influenced by the overall relationship length. How California Courts Calculate the Amount of Alimony When calculating alimony, especially after the divorce is finalized, California courts consider the following factors under Family Code Section 4320 : Each spouse’s income and financial resources The court looks at the difference in incomes between the spouses and reviews all sources of funds, including wages, investments, and other assets. The standard of living during the marriage The lifestyle maintained while married is an important factor. Courts aim to provide a level of support that allows both spouses to live in a manner reasonably consistent with that standard, when possible. Payment capacity of the supporting spouse This includes not just current income, but also assets and obligations. The court won’t order support that the paying spouse cannot reasonably afford. The duration of the marriage Longer marriages generally justify longer or higher support. Shorter marriages may result in more limited awards. Contributions to the marriage For example, if one spouse gave up career opportunities or supported the other’s education or career growth, that will be factored in. Other considerations These include age, health, debts, tax impact, childcare responsibilities, and any domestic violence history. Temporary Support Formula (Pre-Judgment) While the divorce is still in process, many California courts use a standard guideline formula to calculate temporary spousal support : Temporary Support = 40% of the higher earner’s net income – 50% of the lower earner’s net income Example: Higher earner’s net income: $8,000/month Lower earner’s net income: $2,000/month 40% of $8,000 = $3,200 50% of $2,000 = $1,000 $3,200 – $1,000 = $2,200 temporary support Disclaimer: This is a general formula used for temporary orders and may vary by county. Judges have discretion to adjust based on the facts of the case. This formula is not used to calculate permanent (post-judgment) support. Post-Judgment Support After the divorce is finalized, the court does not use a formula . Instead, it evaluates all the long-term factors listed above under Family Code Section 4320 to decide what amount, if any, is appropriate going forward. Post-judgment support is more flexible and case-specific. Legal Events That Can End or Modify Alimony Alimony in California is not necessarily permanent. Courts allow support orders to be modified or terminated when certain legal or personal circumstances change. These changes usually happen automatically or require a formal request to the court. Events That Automatically End Alimony Death of Either Spouse Alimony ends immediately if either party dies. Supported Spouse Remarried If the spouse receiving alimony remarries, spousal support automatically ends by law. No court hearing is required. The paying spouse can simply stop making payments as of the date of the remarriage. Events That May Justify Modification or Termination Cohabitation When a person receiving alimony begins to cohabit with a new partner in a romantic, marriage-like relationship, it can create a presumption that financial need has decreased. This is not automatic, but it can be used as grounds to request a reduction or end to support if evidence of cohabitation is provided. Consequential Change in Circumstances Either spouse can ask the court to modify or terminate support if there is a material change, such as: Loss of employment Substantial increase or decrease in income Retirement A serious health condition affecting any means to earn income The supported spouse becomes self-sufficient The court will review whether continued support is still justified based on the original purpose of the order. Does Adultery Affect Alimony in California? Generally, no. California is a no-fault divorce state, which means the court does not consider marital misconduct, such as adultery, when awarding or calculating alimony. A spouse cannot be punished financially for cheating. Exception: If infidelity is connected to domestic violence or significant financial misconduct, such as using shared marital funds to pay for an affair, it can be considered. These situations are rare and require substantial proof. Avoiding Alimony Obligations: Legal Options and Court Enforcement Some people try to avoid paying alimony, whether by using legal strategies or by taking actions the court views as improper. California courts make a clear distinction between lawful methods to reduce or avoid alimony and bad faith behavior intended to dodge financial responsibility. Legal Ways to Limit or Avoid Alimony Spouses can take the following steps before or during a divorce to legally reduce or eliminate future alimony: Prenuptial or postnuptial agreements: These contracts can include clauses waiving or limiting alimony, as long as they are legally valid and not unconscionable at the time of enforcement. Mutual settlement agreements: Spouses can negotiate an alimony buyout or agree to waive support as part of the divorce settlement. Short-term marriages with financial independence: If the marriage was brief and both parties can support themselves, alimony may not be ordered. These are legitimate options that rely on negotiation or proactive planning—not avoidance. Bad Faith Behavior and Its Consequences Courts do not tolerate intentional actions meant to avoid support obligations. Examples of bad faith behavior include: Quitting a job or reducing income deliberately to lower support payments Hiding income or assets Delaying employment when the person is capable of working In an event a spouse voluntarily reduces their income, income can be imputed , meaning it calculates support based on what the person could be earning, not what they actually report. Deliberate actions to reduce payment amounts can also prevent any reduction in the existing order. When Alimony Is Not Paid If a person stops paying court-ordered alimony, the receiving spouse can take legal action to enforce the order. Common enforcement methods include: Wage garnishment: Automatic deductions from the payer’s income to cover the required amount. Liens and levies: Legal claims placed on property or direct withdrawal of funds from bank accounts. Contempt of court: A finding of willful noncompliance that can result in fines or other court-imposed penalties. Accrued interest: Added to any overdue balance, increasing the total amount owed over time. Interest may also accrue on unpaid support, increasing the total owed. The Alimony Timeline The time it takes to settle a divorce in California directly affects when alimony is ordered, modified, or enforced. While the legal minimum for a divorce to be finalized is six months , the actual timeline depends on whether the case is contested or uncontested . Uncontested Divorce (Faster Process) An uncontested divorce is one where both spouses agree on all major issues, including property division, child custody, and alimony. In these cases: The court can finalize the divorce in as little as 6 to 8 months , assuming paperwork is complete and no delays occur. Temporary alimony can be requested and issued early in the process. Final alimony terms are usually included in the marital settlement agreement. Contested Divorce (Slower Process) If spouses disagree on any major issue, the case becomes contested. This often includes disputes over alimony. In contested cases: Divorce can take 12 to 24 months or longer , especially if it goes to trial. Delays often come from financial disclosures, case backlogs, custody evaluations, or prolonged settlement negotiations. Temporary support is often issued early in the process, while permanent support is determined only after the case is resolved through settlement or trial. What Holds Things Up Common delays include: Incomplete or inaccurate financial disclosures Disputes over income or expenses Failure to respond to court deadlines Scheduling conflicts for hearings or mediation To avoid delays, both parties should be proactive in providing financial documentation, attending scheduled court dates, and responding to discovery requests. Final Thoughts Alimony in California is determined by a combination of factors such as income differences, financial needs, and contributions made during the relationship. Support may be temporary or long-term, and while courts aim for fairness, outcomes vary case by case. Enforcement options exist when support isn’t paid, but bad-faith actions to avoid payments can lead to legal consequences. If you’re facing divorce, it’s important to document your finances early and consult a qualified family law attorney , especially if your case involves a long-term marriage or significant income gap. Alimony is not guaranteed, and understanding your rights from the start can help you make informed decisions and avoid costly mistakes.